Vitamin C (Asorbic Acid)

1. Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to serum lipids and lipoproteins in US adults. J Amer Clin Nutr 1998;17:250-5.

2. Simon JA, Hudes E, Tice JA. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to mortality among US adults. Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:255-63.

3. Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to serum lipids and lipoproteins in US adults. J Amer Clin Nutr 1998;17:250-5.

4. Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al. Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:246-52.

5. Cunningham JJ. The glucose/insulin system and vitamin C: implications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:105-8.

6. Yokoyama T, Chigusa D, Kokubo Y, et al. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in Japanese a rural community. The Shibata study. Stroke 2000;31:2287-94.

7. Carr A, Zhu BZ, Frei B. Potential antiatherogenic mechanism of ascorbate (vitamin C) and a-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circ Res 2000;87:349-54.

8. Jialal I, Fuller CJ. Effect of vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene on LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 1995;11SupplG:97-103.

9. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA 1995;273:1849-54.

10. Leveille SG, LaCroix AZ, Koepsell TD, et al. Dietary vitamin C and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in Washington State, USA. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51:479-85.

11. Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, et al. Reduced risk of alzheimer disease in user of antioxidant vitamin supplements. Arch Neurol 2004;61:82-8.

12. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, et al. Long term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities. Amer J Clin Nutr 1997;66:911-6.

13. Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:533-7.

14.Rossig L, Hoffmann J, Hugel B, et al. Vitamin C inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001;104:2182-7.

15.Tanaka H, Matsuda T, Miyagantani Y, et al. Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration. Arch Surg 2000;135:326-31.

16.Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes – Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids and the Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. 2000.The National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington DC.

17.Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes – Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids and the Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. 2000.The National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington DC.

18.Cenolate® (ascorbic acid, vitamin C injection) package insert. North Chicago, IL: Abbott Laboratories; 2002 Sept.

19.Desferal® (deferoxamine mesylate for injection USP) package insert. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2002 Oct.

20.Sestili MA: Possible adverse health effects of vitamin C and ascorbic acid. Semin Oncol. 1983;10:299.

21.Campbell GD, Steinberg MH, Bower JD. Ascorbic acid-induced hemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency. Ann Int Med 1975;82(6):810. Letter.

22.Hays GL, Bullock Q, Lazzari EP, Puente ES. Salivary pH while dissolving vitamin C-containing tablets. Am J Dent. 1992;5:269-271.

B-Complex

1. D. Kennedy, “B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review,” Nutrients, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 68, Jan. 2016.

2. J. Zhang, Z. Xie, N. Zhang, and J. Zhong, “Nanosuspension drug delivery system: preparation, characterization, postproduction processing, dosage form, and application,” in Nanostructures for Drug Delivery, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 413–443.

3. K. Mikkelsen and V. Apostolopoulos, “Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the Immune System,” in Nutrition and Immunity, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 115–125.

4. M. S. Morris, “The Role of B Vitamins in Preventing and Treating Cognitive Impairment and Decline,” Adv. Nutr., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 801–812, Nov. 2012.

5. M. S. Morris, M. F. Picciano, P. F. Jacques, and J. Selhub, “Plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in the US population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1446–1454, May 2008.

6. C. A. Calderón Ospina and M. O. Nava Mesa, “B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin,” CNS Neurosci. Ther., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 5–13, Jan. 2020.

7. J. C. Kerns, C. Arundel, and L. S. Chawla, “Thiamin Deficiency in People with Obesity,” Adv. Nutr., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 147–153, Mar. 2015.

8. D. Barton, K. Nakanishi, and O. Meth-Cohn, Eds., Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry. Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999.

9. N. S. Ross and T. P. Hansen, “Riboflavin deficiency is associated with selective preservation of critical flavoenzyme-dependent metabolic pathways.,” Biofactors, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 185–90, Jan. 1992.

10. M. Ashoori and A. Saedisomeolia, “Riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) and oxidative stress: a review,” Br. J. Nutr., vol. 111, no. 11, pp. 1985–1991, Jun. 2014.

11. C. J. García-Minguillán et al., “Riboflavin status modifies the effects of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) polymorphisms on homocysteine,” Genes Nutr., vol. 9, no. 6, p. 435, Nov. 2014.

12. G. Wolf, “Handbook of Vitamins , 4th ed, edited by Janos Zempleni, Robert B Rucker, Donald B McCormick, and John W Suttie, 2007, 593 pages, hardcover, $107.96. CRC Press, New York,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 1708–1708, Dec. 2008.

13. G. Litwack, Human Biochemistry. Elsevier, 2018.

14. J. Selhub, “Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and one carbon metabolism.,” J. Nutr. Health Aging, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 39–42, 2002.

15. L. Sakakeeny et al., “Plasma Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate Is Inversely Associated with Systemic Markers of Inflammation in a Population of U.S. Adults,” J. Nutr., vol. 142, no. 7, pp. 1280–1285, Jul. 2012.

16. W. Weber and H. Kewitz, “Determination of thiamine in human plasma and its pharmacokinetics,” Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 213–219, 1985.

17. M. J. Royer-Morrot, A. Zhiri, F. Paille, and R. J. Royer, “Plasma thiamine concentrations after intramuscular and oral multiple dosage regimens in healthy men,” Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 219–222, Feb. 1992.

18. K. J. Breen, R. Buttigieg, S. Iossifidis, C. Lourensz, and B. Wood, “Jejunal uptake of thiamin hydrochloride in man: influence of alcoholism and alcohol,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 121–126, Jul. 1985.

19. J. Zempleni, J. R. Galloway, and D. B. McCormick, “Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 54–66, Jan. 1996.

20. J. Kirkland, “Niacin Status, NAD Distribution and ADP-Ribose Metabolism,” Curr. Pharm. Des., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 3–11, Jan. 2009.

21. M. Sachs, F. Asskali, C. Lanaras, H. Förster, and H. Bockhorn, “Untersuchungen über den Metabolismus von Panthenol bei Patienten mit postoperativer Darmatonie,” Z. Ernahrungswiss., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 270–283, Dec. 1990.

22. G. Andermann and M. Dietz, “The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of three zinc salts: Zinc pantothenate, zinc sulfate and zinc orotate,” Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 233–239, Jul. 1982.

23. V. A. Gurinovich and A. G. Moiseenok, “[Metabolism of pantothenic acid and its derivatives in animals deficient in this enzyme].,” Ukr. biokhimicheskii zhurnal, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 60–6.

24. J. Zempleni and W. Kübler, “The utilization of intravenously infused pyridoxine in humans,” Clin. Chim. Acta, vol. 229, no. 1–2, pp. 27–36, Sep. 1994.

25. J. Zempleni, “Pharmacokinetics of vitamin B6 supplements in humans.,” J. Am. Coll. Nutr., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 579–586, Dec. 1995.

26. J. Zempleni and W. Kübler, “Metabolism of vitamin B6 by human kidney,” Nutr. Res., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 187–192, Feb. 1995.

30. W. R. Chitwood, “ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN B COMPLEX,” JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 148, no. 6, p. 461, Feb. 1952.

31. A. de Boer, F. van Hunsel, and A. Bast, “Adverse food–drug interactions,” Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 859–865, Dec. 2015.

32. A. Kılıç, G. Kamburoglu, and A. Akıncı, “Riboflavin injection into the corneal channel for combined collagen crosslinking and intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 878–883, May 2012.

33. J. M. Stephen, R. Grant, and C. S. Yeh, “Anaphylaxis from administration of intravenous thiamine,” Am. J. Emerg. Med., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 61–63, Jan. 1992.

34. K. D. Wrenn, F. Murphy, and C. M. Slovis, “A toxicity study of parenteral thiamine hydrochloride,” Ann. Emerg. Med., vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 867–870, Aug. 1989.

35. L.-S. Ou, M.-L. Kuo, and J.-L. Huang, “Anaphylaxis to riboflavin (vitamin B2),” Ann. Allergy, Asthma Immunol., vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 430–433, Nov. 2001.

36 .P. M. Debourdeau, S. Djezzar, J. L. F. Estival, C. M. Zammit, R. C. Richard, and A. C. Castot, “Life-Threatening Eosinophilic Pleuropericardial Effusion Related to Vitamins B 5 and H,” Ann. Pharmacother., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 424–426, Apr. 2001.

37. H. Schaumburg et al., “Sensory Neuropathy from Pyridoxine Abuse,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 309, no. 8, pp. 445–448, Aug. 1983.

38.D. Patel et al., “Vitamins, Amino Acids, and Drugs and Formulations Used in Nutrition,” 2016, pp. 355–364.

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Calcium Gluconate

1. Calcium gluconate 10% injection solution package insert. Lake Zurich, IL: Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC; 2018 July.

2. Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, et al. Part 12: Cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2010;122:S829-861.

3. Lavonas EJ, Drennan IR, Gabrielli A. Part 10: special circumstances of resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015;132(Suppl 2):S501-S518.

4. Kraft MD, Btaiche IF, Sacks GS, et al. Treatment of electrolyte disorders in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005;62:1663-1682.

5. Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122:S876-908

6. Broner CW, Stidham GL, Westenkirchner DF, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of calcium chloride and calcium gluconate therapies for hypocalcemia in critically ill children. J Pediatr 1990;117:986-989.

7. Anger KE, Belisle C, Colwell MB, et al. Safety of compounded calcium chloride admixtures for peripheral intravenous administration in the setting of a calcium gluconate shortage. J Pharm Pract 2014;27:474-477.

8. de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L. Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015;132:S526-S542.

9. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:460-4.

10. Straub DA. Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: A review of forms, doses, and indications. Nutr Clin Pract 2007;22(3):286-296.

11. Roberts KE. Pediatric fluid and electrolyte balance: Critical care case studies. Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am 2005;17:361-373.

12. Umpaichitra V, Bastian W, Castells S. Hypocalcemia in children: Pathogenesis and management. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2001;40(6):305-312.

13. Emkey RD, Emkey GR. Calcium metabolism and correcting calcium deficiencies. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012;41(3):527-556.

14. Calcium gluconate tablets package insert. Eatontown, NJ: West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp.; 2017 Mar.

15. Reber PM, Heath H, III. Hypocalcemic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 1995;79:93-106.

16. Calcium chloride 10% injection syringe package insert. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc.; 2009 Nov.

17. Hsu SC, Levine MA. Perinatal calcium metabolism: physiology and pathophysiology. Semin Neonatol 2004;9(1):23-36.

18. Burke RR, Rybicki BA, Rao DS. Calcium and vitamin D in sarcoidosis: how to assess and manage. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010;31:474-484.

Chromic Chloride (Chromium)

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

1. Markle HV, Greenway DC. Cobalamin. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences. 1996; 33: 247-356.

2. Herrmann W, Obeid R. Cobalamin deficiency. Subcell Biochem. 2012; 56: 301-322.

3. Paul C, Brady DM. Comparative Bioavailability and Utilization of Particular Forms of B12 Supplements With Potential to Mitigate B12-related Genetic Polymorphisms. Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal. 2017; 16: 42–49.

4. Vidal‐Alaball J, Butler C, Cannings‐John R, Goringe A, Hood K, McCaddon A, McDowell I, Papaioannou A. Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005: CD004655.

5. O’Leary F, Samman S. Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010; 2: 299-316.

6. Sweetman SC, editor. Martindale: the complete drug reference, 34th ed. London: Pharmaceutical press; 2014.

7. CaloMist™ Nasal Spray (cyanocobalamin, USP) label. 2007. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/022102s000lbl.pdf [Accessed October 23, 2020].

8. Berry RJ. Lack of historical evidence to support folic acid exacerbation of the neuropathy caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2019; 110: 554-61.

9. Alamin A, Gupta V. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin). In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2020. StatPearls Publishing.

10. Froese DS, Fowler B, Baumgartner MR. Vitamin B12, folate, and the methionine remethylation cycle—biochemistry, pathways, and regulation. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 2019; 42: 673-685.

11. Berney M, Berney-Meyer L, Wong KW, Chen B, Chen M, Kim J, Wang J, Harris D, Parkhill J, Chan J, Wang F. Essential roles of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine in the autarkic lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015; 112: 10008-10013.

12. Vasavada A, Sanghavi D. Cyanocobalamin. In: StatPearls [Internet] 2020. StatPearls Publishing.

13. Sanz-Cuesta T, González-Escobar P, Riesgo-Fuertes R, Garrido-Elustondo S, del Cura-González I, Martín-Fernández J, Escortell-Mayor E, Rodríguez-Salvanés F, García-Solano M, González-González R, Martín-de la Sierra MÁ. Oral versus intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for the treatment of patients with vitamin B12 deficiency: a pragmatic, randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority clinical trial undertaken in the primary healthcare setting (Project OB12). BMC Public Health. 2012; 12:1-1.

14. Scott JM. Bioavailability of vitamin B12. European journal of clinical nutrition. Supplement. 1997; 51: S49-S53.

15. CYANOCOBALAMIN INJECTION, USP 1000 mcg/mL Sterile (Vitamin B12) [Label]. 2014. Available from: https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00026115.PDF [Accessed October 26, 2020].

16. CYANOCOBALAMIN- cyanocobalamin injection, USP. West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp [Label]. 2018. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a66eb3c4-3e1d-4d49-b963-4fa2334cc9b6 [Accessed October 26, 2020].

17. Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability. Experimental biology and medicine. 2007; 232: 1266-1274.

18. Andrès E, Serraj K, Zhu J, Vermorken AJ. The pathophysiology of elevated vitamin B12 in clinical practice. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2013; 106: 505-515.

19. Gherasim C, Lofgren M, Banerjee R. Navigating the B12 road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2013; 288: 13186-13193.

20. Nascobal® (Cyanocobalamin, USP) Nasal Spray 500 mcg/spray 0.125 mL [Label]. 2014. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021642s020lbl.pdf [Accessed October 26, 2020].

21. Caballero MR, Lukawska J, Lee TH, Dugué P. Allergy to vitamin B12: two cases of successful desensitization with cyanocobalamin. Allergy. 2007; 62: 1341-1342.

22. Carmel R. How I treat cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Blood. 2008; 112: 2214-2221.

23. Solomon LR. Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism: emerging concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Blood reviews. 2007; 21: 113-130.

24. Chandyo RK, Ulak M, Kvestad I, Shrestha M, Ranjitkar S, Basnet S, Hysing M, Shrestha L, Strand TA. The effects of vitamin B12 supplementation in pregnancy and postpartum on growth and neurodevelopment in early childhood: Study Protocol for a Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial. BMJ open. 2017; 7: e016434.

25. Samson RR, McClelland DB. Vitamin B12 in human colostrum and milk: quantitation of the vitamin and its binder and the uptake of bound vitamin B12 by intestinal bacteria. Acta Pædiatrica. 1980; 69: 93-99.

26. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001; 10

Vitamin B5 (Dexpanthenol)

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

High Dose Vitamin C

Taurine

Glutathione

1. Richie JP Jr, Leutzinger Y, Parthasarathy S, Malloy V, Orentreich N, Zimmerman JA. Methionine restriction increases blood glutathione and longevity in F344 rats. FASEB J. 1994 Dec;8(15):1302-7.

2. Cascella R, Evangelisti E, Zampagni M, Becatti M, D’Adamio G, Goti A, Liguri G, Fiorillo C, Cecchi C. S-linolenoyl glutathione intake extends life-span and stress resistance via Sir-2.1 upregulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Aug;73:127-35. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.004. Epub 2014 May 15.

3. Anderson, M.E., Glutathione Injections: an overview of biosynthesis and modulation. Chem Biol Interact, 1998. 111-112: p. 1-14.

4. P., M. and C. G.P., Glutathione reductase: regulation and role in oxidative stress, in Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antioxidant defenses. 1997, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

5. Lu, Shelly C. “REGULATION OF Glutathione SYNTHESIS.” Molecular aspects of medicine 30.1-2 (2009): 42–59. PMC. Web. 2 Oct. 2017.

6. Downey, J.S., et al., The LEC rat possesses reduced hepatic selenium, contributing to the severity of spontaneous hepatitis and sensitivity to carcinogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1998. 244(2): p. 463-7.

7. Banki, K., et al., Molecular ordering in HIV-induced apoptosis. Oxidative stress, activation of caspases, and cell survival are regulated by transaldolase. J Biol Chem, 1998. 273(19): p. 11944-53.

8. Shisler, J.L., et al., Ultraviolet-induced cell death blocked by a selenoprotein from a human dermatotropic poxvirus. Science, 1998. 279(5347): p. 102-5.

9. Okamoto, K., et al., Formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins in human renal-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 1994. 58(6): p. 825-9.

10. Chinery, R., et al., Antioxidants reduce cyclooxygenase-2 expression, prostaglandin production, and proliferation in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res, 1998. 58(11): p. 2323-7.

11. Lee, Y.J., et al., Glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation are mediated by oxidative stress in multidrug-resistant human breast carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem, 1998. 273(9): p. 5294-9.

12. P., M. and C. G.P.,

Glutathione reductase: regulation and role in oxidative stress, in Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antioxidant defenses. 1997, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

13. Hauser, R.A., et al., Randomized, double-blind, pilot evaluation of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 2009. 24(7): p. 979-83.

14. Dröge W, Breitkreutz R. Glutathione and immune function. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Nov;59(4):595-600.

15. Chang WK, Yang KD, Chuang H, Jan JT, Shaio MF. Glutamine protects activated human T cells from apoptosis by up-regulating glutathione and Bcl-2 levels. Clin Immunol. 2002 Aug;104(2):151-60.

16. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 972913, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/972913.

17. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886?from=summary#section=Related-Compounds

18. Balendiran GK1, Dabur R, Fraser D. The role of glutathione in cancer. Cell Biochem Funct. 2004 Nov-Dec;22(6):343-52.

19. Ballatori, Nazzareno et al. “Glutathione Dysregulation and the Etiology and Progression of Human Diseases.” Biological chemistry 390.3 (2009): 191–214. PMC. Web. 2 Oct. 2017.

20. Vogt, Barbara L., and John P. Richie. “Glutathione Depletion and Recovery After Acute Ethanol Administration in the Aging Mouse.” Biochemical pharmacology 73.10 (2007): 1613–1621. PMC. Web. 2 Oct. 2017.

21. Dimova S, Hoet PH, Dinsdale D, Nemery B. Acetaminophen decreases intracellular glutathione levels and modulates cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes in vitro. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005 Aug;37(8):1727-37. Epub 2005 Apr 26.

22. Abhilash, M., Varghese, M.V., Paul, M.V.S. et al. Comp Clin Pathol (2015) 24: 927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-014-2013-8

23. Romero DL, Mounho BJ, Lauer FT, Born JL, Burchiel SW. Depletion of glutathione by benzo(a)pyrene metabolites, ionomycin, thapsigargin, and phorbol myristate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 May;144(1):62-9.

24. National Research Council (US). Multiple Chemical Sensitivities: A Workshop. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1992. Considerations for the Diagnosis of Chemical Sensitivity.

25. Lenzi A1, Lombardo F, Gandini L, Culasso F, Dondero F. Glutathione therapy for male infertility. Arch Androl. 1992 Jul-Aug;29(1):65-8.

26. Coppola L, Grassia A, Giunta R, Verrazzo G, Cava B, Tirelli A, D’Onofrio F. Glutathione (Glutathione) improved haemostatic and haemorheological parameters in atherosclerotic subjects. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1992;18(11-12):493-8.

27. Weschawalit, Sinee et al. “Glutathione and Its Antiaging and Antimelanogenic Effects.” Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 10 (2017): 147–153. PMC. Web. 2 Oct. 2017.

Glycine

1. https://www.calstatela.edu/sites/default/files/dept/chem/07summer/158/25-words-glycine.pdf

2. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=750, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/750 (accessed Oct. 6, 2017).

3. Guo, Zhi-li et al. “DanHong Injection Dose-Dependently Varies Amino Acid Metabolites and Metabolic Pathways in the Treatment of Rats with Cerebral Ischemia.” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 36.6 (2015): 748–757. PMC. Web. 6 Oct. 2017.

4. Yang, Guang, Benjamin B. Rothrauff, and Rocky S. Tuan. “Tendon and Ligament Regeneration and Repair: Clinical Relevance and Developmental Paradigm.” Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews 99.3 (2013): 203–222. PMC. Web. 6 Oct. 2017.

5. Alfonso E. Bello & Steffen Oesser. Current Medical Research and Opinion Vol. 22 , Iss. 11,2006.

6. Da Silva, Robin P. et al. “Creatine Synthesis: Hepatic Metabolism of Guanidinoacetate and Creatine in the Rat in Vitro and in Vivo.” American Journal of Physiology – Endocrinology and Metabolism 296.2 (2009): E256–E261. PMC. Web. 6 Oct. 2017.

7. Arwert LI, Deijen JB, Drent ML. Effects of an oral mixture containing glycine, glutamine and niacin on memory, GH and IGF-I secretion in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Nutr Neurosci. 2003 Oct;6(5):269-75.

8. Bowery, N G, and T G Smart. “GABA and Glycine as Neurotransmitters: A Brief History.” British Journal of Pharmacology 147.Suppl 1 (2006): S109–S119. PMC. Web. 6 Oct. 2017.

9. Shen, Hai-Ying et al. “Glycine Transporter 1 Is a Target for the Treatment of Epilepsy.” Neuropharmacology 99 (2015): 554–565. PMC. Web. 6 Oct. 2017.

10. Algon, Sibel et al. “Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Psychotic Symptoms.” Current psychiatry reports 14.2 (2012): 101–110. PMC. Web. 6 Oct. 2017.

11. Ruth, Megan R, and Catherine J Field. “The Immune Modifying Effects of Amino Acids on Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue.” Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 4.1 (2013): 27. PMC. Web. 6 Oct. 2017.

12. Li P, Wu G. Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth. Amino Acids. 2017 Sep 20. doi: 10.1007/s00726-017-2490-6. [Epub ahead of print].

13. Ruth and Field; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology20134:27 https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-27.

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15. Sheth, H., Hafez, T., Glantzounis, G. K., Seifalian, A. M., Fuller, B. and Davidson, B. R. (2011), Glycine maintains mitochondrial activity and bile composition following warm liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 26: 194–200. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06323.x

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Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin)

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15. S. N. Fedosov, L. Berglund, N. U. Fedosova, E. Nexø, and T. E. Petersen, “Comparative Analysis of Cobalamin Binding Kinetics and Ligand Protection for Intrinsic Factor, Transcobalamin, and Haptocorrin,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 277, no. 12, pp. 9989–9996, Mar. 2002.

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L-Arginine HCl

1. Ceremuzynski L, Chamiec T, Herbaczynska-Cedro K. Effect of supplemental oral L-arginine on exercise capacity in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Card 1997;80:331-333.

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3. Ammonul (sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate) injection package insert. Scottsdale, AZ: Ucyclyd Pharma Inc.; 2011 Jul

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7. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, Galland A. L-arginine-induced vasodilation in healthy humans: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 46: 489-497.

8. Tangphao O, Grossmann M, Chalon S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral L-arginine in normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47: 261-266.

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20. Batshaw, ML, MacArthur RB, Tuchman M. Alternative pathway therapy for urea cycle disorders: twenty years later. J Pediatr 2001; 138:S46 S55

L-Carnitine

L-Lysine HCl

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6. E. L. J. Bonner and R. Hines, “Method for treatment of reactive arthritis or bursitis,” US6765000B2, 2004.

7. K. Gerzon, “Herpes treatment,” US4415590A, 1983.

8. M. Singh et al., “Medicinal Uses of L-Lysine: Past and Future,” Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 637–642, 2011.

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23. P. J. Garlick, “The Nature of Human Hazards Associated with Excessive Intake of Amino Acids,” J. Nutr., vol. 134, no. 6, pp. 1633S-1639S, Oct. 2004.

Magnesium Chloride

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NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

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4. Guse AH. The Ca2+-Mobilizing Second Messenger Cyclic ADP-Ribose. In: Calcium: The Molecular Basis of Calcium Action in Biology and Medicine. Springer Netherlands; 2000:109-128. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0688-0_7

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6. Massudi H, Grant R, Braidy N, Guest J, Farnsworth B, Guillemin GJ. Age-Associated Changes In Oxidative Stress and NAD+ Metabolism In Human Tissue. Polymenis M, ed. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42357. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042357

7. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.006

8. Yoshino J, Mills KF, Yoon MJ, Imai SI. Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD + intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice. Cell Metab. 2011;14(4):528-536. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.014

9. Goldberger J. Public Health Reports, June 26, 1914. The etiology of pellagra. The significance of certain epidemiological observations with respect thereto. Public Health Rep. 1975;90(4):373-375. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1437745/. Accessed October 11, 2020.

10. Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, et al. A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD+. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00257

11. Wu J, Jin Z, Zheng H, Yan LJ. Sources and implications of NADH/NAD+ redox imbalance in diabetes and its complications. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2016;9:145-153. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S106087

12. Pillai JB, Isbatan A, Imai SI, Gupta MP. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-dependent cardiac myocyte cell death during heart failure is mediated by NAD+ depletion and reduced Sir2α deacetylase activity. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(52):43121-43130. doi:10.1074/jbc.M506162200

13. Csiszar A, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A, et al. Role of endothelial NAD+ deficiency in age-related vascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol – Hear Circ Physiol. 2019;316(6):H1253-H1266. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00039.2019

14. Ying W, Xiong Z-G. Oxidative Stress and NAD+ in Ischemic Brain Injury: Current Advances and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(20):2152-2158. doi:10.2174/092986710791299911

15. Zhu X, Su B, Wang X, Smith MA, Perry G. Causes of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007;64(17):2202-2210. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-7218-4

16. Abeti R, Duchen MR. Activation of PARP by oxidative stress induced by β-amyloid: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res. 2012;37(11):2589-2596. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0895-x

17. Lin JB, Apte RS. NAD + and sirtuins in retinal degenerative diseases: A look at future therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;67:118-129. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.06.002

18. O’Hollaren P. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of drug addiction. West J Surg Obstet Gynecol. May 1961.

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21. Gerdts J, Brace EJ, Sasaki Y, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J. SARM1 activation triggers axon degeneration locally via NAD+ destruction. Science (80- ). 2015;348(6233):453-457. doi:10.1126/science.1258366

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23. Oshima J, Sidorova JM, Jr. Monnat RJ. Werner syndrome: Clinical features, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;33:105-114.

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25. Fang EF, Hou Y, Lautrup S, et al. NAD+ augmentation restores mitophagy and limits accelerated aging in Werner syndrome. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1-18. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13172-

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine HCl)

1. Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Injection, USP. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a56d11c0-b033-4201-85ff-fc710506481a&type=display.

2. Spinneker, A. et al. Vitamin B6 status, deficiency and its consequences – An overview. Nutricion Hospitalaria (2007).

3. Vitamin B6 – Health Professional Fact Sheet. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/#h3.

4. Wilson, S. M., Bivins, B. N., Russell, K. A. & Bailey, L. B. Oral contraceptive use: impact on folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 statusn ure_419 572..583. (2011) doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00419.x.

5. Abosamak, N. E. R. & Gupta, V. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine). (2020).

6. Hallert, C. et al. Evidence of poor vitamin status in coeliac patients on a gluten-free diet for 10 years. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 1333–1339 (2002).

7. Veitch, R. L., Lumeng, L. & Li, T. K. Vitamin B6 metabolism in chronic alcohol abuse. The effect of ethanol oxidation on hepatic pyridoxal 5’ phosphate metabolism. J. Clin. Invest. 55, 1026–1032 (1975).

8. Sacharow, S. J., Picker, J. D. & Levy, H. L. Homocystinuria Caused by Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency. GeneReviews® (University of Washington, Seattle, 1993).

9. Abu-Zeinah, G. & Desancho, M. T. Understanding sideroblastic anemia: An overview of genetics, epidemiology, pathophysiology and current therapeutic options. Journal of Blood Medicine vol. 11 305–318 (2020).

12. Kennedy, A. & Schaeffer, T. Pyridoxine. in Critical Care Toxicology 1–4 (Springer International Publishing, 2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_174-1.

13. Zempleni, J. & Kübler, W. Metabolism of vitamin B6 by human kidney. Nutr. Res. 15, 187–192 (1995).

14. Zempleni, J. & Kübler, W. The utilization of intravenously infused pyridoxine in humans. Clin. Chim. Acta 229, 27–36 (1994).

15. Pyridoxine hydrochloride injection, USP package insert. Schaumburg, IL: American Pharmaceutical Partners; 2008 April.

24. Mars, H. Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Pyridoxine in Parkinson Disease: Metabolic Interactions. Arch. Neurol. 30, 444–447 (1974).

25. Vitamin B-6 – Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-b6/art-20363468.

16. Diclegis (doxylamine; pyridoxine) package insert. Bryn Mawr, PA: Duchesnay USA, Inc.; 2013 Apr.

17. Sahakian, V., Rouse, D., Sipes, S., Rose, N. & Niebyl, J. Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Obstet. Gynecol. 78, 33–36 (1991).

18. Vutyavanich, T., Wongtra-ngan, S. & Ruangsri, R. aroon. Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 173, 881–884 (1995).

19. Matthews, A., Haas, D. M., O’Mathúna, D. P., Dowswell, T. & Doyle, M. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews vol. 2014 (2014).

20. ACOG Practice Bulletin #52: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. (2004) doi:10.1097/00006250-200404000-00045.

21. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89.

22. AlSaad, D. et al. Is pyridoxine effective and safe for post-partum lactation inhibition? A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics vol. 42 373–382 (2017).

23. Shrim, A. et al. Pregnancy outcome following use of large doses of vitamin B6 in the first trimester. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (Lahore). 26, 749–751 (2006).

26. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (National Academies Press, 1998). doi:10.17226/6015.

27. Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A, et al. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. N Engl J Med 1983;309:445-8.

28. Parry GJ, Breesen DE. Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine. Neurology 1985;35:1466-1468.

29. Lheureux P, Penaloza A, Gris M. Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review. Eur J Emerg Med 2005;12:78-85

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin 5'-Phosphate Sodium)

Tri-Amino (Amino Acid)

1. Peter J. Reeds. Dispensable and Indispensable Amino Acids for Humans. J Nutr. 2000 Jul;130(7):1835S-40S.

2. Yarandi, Shadi S. et al. “Amino Acid Composition in Parenteral Nutrition: What Is the Evidence?” Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 14.1 (2011): 75–82. PMC. Web. 29 Sept. 2017.

3. Wu G. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids. 2009 May;37(1):1-17. doi: 10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0. Epub 2009 Mar 20.

4. Critical Care201519:204.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0881-1. Piton and Capellier; licensee BioMed Central. 2015. Published: 1 May 2015.

5. Elam RP, Hardin DH, Sutton RA, Hagen L. Effects of arginine and ornithine on strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxyproline in adult males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1989 Mar;29(1):52-6.

6. Cynober, L. “Can Arginine and Ornithine Support Gut Functions?” Gut 35.1 Suppl (1994): S42–S45. Print.

7. M.W.Radomski, R.M.J.Palmer, S.Moncada. Characterization of the L-arginine: nitric oxide pathway in human platelets. Br.J.Pharmacol.(1990),101,325-328.

8. Cardiology Research and Practice.Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 656247, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/656247

9. Effects of arginine and ornithine on strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxyproline in adult males. (PMID:2770269)

10. Misaizu, Akane et al. “The Combined Effect of Caffeine and Ornithine on the Mood of Healthy Office Workers.” Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 19.4 (2014): 367–372. PMC. Web. 29 Sept. 2017.

11. Luiking, Yvette C., Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen, and Nicolaas E.P. Deutz. “REGULATION OF NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.” Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 13.1 (2010): 97–104. PMC. Web. 29 Sept. 2017.

12. Baumgardt, Shelley L. et al. “Chronic Co-Administration of Sepiapterin and L-Citrulline Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Mice.” Circulation. Heart failure 9.1 (2016): e002424. PMC. Web. 29 Sept. 2017.

13. Oral L-Citrulline Supplementation Improves Erection Hardness in Men With Mild Erectile Dysfunction. Cormio, Luigi et al. Urology , Volume 77 , Issue 1 , 119 – 122

14. Yi, Jing et al. “L-Arginine and Alzheimer’s Disease.” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2.3 (2009): 211–238. Print.

15. Jahangir, Eiman et al. “The Effect of L-Arginine and Creatine on Vascular Function and Homocysteine Metabolism.” Vascular medicine (London, England) 14.3 (2009): 239–248. PMC. Web. 29 Sept. 2017.

16. Scibona M, Meschini P, Capparelli S, Pecori C, Rossi P, Menchini Fabris GF. L-arginine and male infertility. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 1994 Dec;46(4):251-3.

17. Sandrini G, Franchini S, Lanfranchi S, Granella F, Manzoni GC, Nappi G. Effectiveness of ibuprofen-arginine in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1998;18(3):145-50.

18. Yu Cao, Yonghui Feng, Yanjun Zhang, Xiaotong Zhu and Feng Jin. L-Arginine supplementation inhibits the growth of breast cancer by enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by suppression of MDSCs in vivo. BMC Cancer201616:343

19. Gullett, Norleena P. et al. “Nutritional Interventions for Cancer-Induced Cachexia.” Current problems in cancer 35.2 (2011): 58–90. PMC. Web. 29 Sept. 2017.

20. Bower RH1, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B, Licari JJ, Hoyt DB, Jensen GL, Van Buren CT, Rothkopf MM, Daly JM, Adelsberg BR. Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med. 1995 Mar;23(3):436-49.

21. Höche F, Klapperstück T, Wohlrab J. Effects of L-Ornithine on metabolic processes of the urea cycle in human keratinocytes. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 Nov-Dec;17(6):283-8.

22. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=6262, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6262 (accessed Sept. 29, 2017).

23 .http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/arginine/interactions/hrb-20058733

24 .http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/arginine/interactions/hrb-20058733

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